Galls?

I believe that these are all galls, which are things that some arthropods ("bugs") cause plants to make for the arthropods' benefit. Usually the adult "bug" makes the plant form a gall so that its larvae (kids or babies) have a place to live in to hide from predators and eat part of the plant. I'm hoping that some people who know more than I do about galls will chime in and give me more information that I can post. In the meantime, you can find more information about common galls and gall-makers here:http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent525/close/gallpix/index.htm or about every gall many galls that people have taken pictures of here:

http://bugguide.net/index.php?q=search&keys=galls